In addition to soil washing, the processes of catalytic oxidation, electrokinetic remediation and permeable reactive barrier technology, as well as biological technologies (for example, phytoremediation and microbial degradation), can be intensified by using cyclodextrins as solubilizers. Compared with synthetic surfactants, the cyclodextrins are non-toxic and biodegradable; in fact their presence is actually beneficial to the soil biota. They can solubilize not only the contaminants (which provide substrates for the microbes) but also co-metabolites and organic nutrients. However, the risk of solubilizer-mediated enhancement of contaminant bioavailability is that non-target organisms may also suffer increased exposure to the contaminants.