SECTION 1 – Conceptual models
1.1
The nature of conceptual models
CSM for ecological risk assessment
1.2
Worked examples of conceptual models
Example conceptual model for a Phase 1 risk assessment
Example conceptual model for a Phase 2 risk assessment
1.3
Significant pollution linkages
Categories of significant harm
Significant possibility of significant harm
SECTION 2 – PHASE 1s
2.1
Desk studies
Information required for desk studies
Ordnance Survey maps
Features of geological formations in the UK relevant to contaminated land
Groundwater and surface water classifications
List of industry profiles published by DoE (now DEFRA)
Schedule of contaminative uses
2.2
Walkover
Walkover surveys
Field checklist of information to record during walkover surveys to identify potential sources of contamination
Field checklist of information to record during walkover surveys to plan site investigation
Possible meanings of odours and colours encountered during walkover surveys
SECTION 3 – SAMPLING STRATEGY
3.1
Soil sampling strategy
Non-targeted sampling to detect hotspots
Ready reckoner for calculating number of non-targeted samples
Sampling stockpiles
3.2
Groundwater sampling/monitoring strategies
3.3
Gas sampling/monitoring strategies
Ground gas and vapour monitoring strategies
SECTION 4 – METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
4.1
Safety, health and environment
BDA/Site Investigation Steering Group site categorisation system for safe investigation of contaminated land
4.2
Geophysics
Uses of geophysics: determine extent of features relevant to contamination
Uses of geophysics: locate buried objects
Uses of geophysics: investigate groundwater
Uses of geophysics: investigate geology (including man-made features)
4.3
Intrusive investigation
Shallow samples - for human health risk assessment
Trial pits
Probeholes
Boreholes: cable percussion
Boreholes: rotary cored or open hole
Decontamination of equipment
4.4
Field tests
Headspace tests
4.5
Groundwater investigation techniques
Constructing groundwater monitoring installations in boreholes
Groundwater monitoring and sampling
4.6
Gas investigation techniques
Constructing gas monitoring installations in probeholes
Constructing gas monitoring installations in boreholes
Gas monitoring and sampling
4.7
Soil and rock description
Soil description
Rock description
4.8
Sample handling/preservation
4.9
Laboratory analysis
Grouping of chemical compounds: organics
Grouping of chemical compounds: inorganics
List I and II substances
Bioaccessibility tests with respect to soil ingestion by humans
4.10
Outline costs
Guideline site investigation costs
4.11
Describing data
Estimating the representative contaminant concentration (population mean µ) to a defined confidence level
SECTION 5 – RISK ASSESSMENT
5.1
The four stages of risk assessment
Risk assessment
5.2
Generic assessment criteria
Guideline values for soil
Interdepartmental Committee on the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land (ICRCL) guideline values
Dutch guideline values
US soil screening levels (SSLs)
5.3
Site specific risk assessment tools for human health
Principles of determining site specific human health risk assessment (HHRA) criteria
Site investigation input requirements for human health risk assessment (HHRA)
Toxicological inputs
Physico-chemical properties of contaminants
Identifying and characterising the critical receptor
Exposure pathways
Soil ingestion exposure pathway
Vegetable consumption exposure pathway
Inhalation of soil vapours outdoors exposure pathway
Inhalation of soil vapours indoors exposure pathway
Human health risk assessment tools
SNIFFER 2000
RBCA (Risk Based Corrective Action)
RiscHuman
Risk*Assistant
CLEA 2002
Uncertainty in human health risk assessment
5.4
Risk assessment for groundwater
Groundwater risk assessment
Methodology for derivation of remedial targets for soil and groundwater to protect water resources
Preliminary assessment of risk for groundwater
Tier analysis for soil to derive remediation target concentrations for water resources protection
Tier analysis for groundwater to derive remediation target concentrations for water resources protection
Water quality standards
ConSim contamination impact on groundwater: simulation by Monte Carlo Method
5.5
Risk assessment for gas
Risk assessment for gases
Some current guideline values for gases
Descriptors for some factors considered when classifying gassing sites
Characteristic situations developed by Wilson and Card (1999)
GasSim
5.6
Risk assessment for ecology
Designated ecoreceptors
The ecological risk framework
Tier 0
Tier 1
Tier 2
5.7
Risk assessment for buildings
5.8
Risk assessment for property
PART B RISK MANAGEMENT
SECTION 6 – RISK MANAGEMENT
6.1
Techniques, principles and approaches
Remedial measures in overview
Treatment systems in remediation - basic concepts
Ex situ methods
In situ methods
Civil engineering-based methods
Physical and chemical treatments
Biological treatments
Solidification/stabilisation treatments
Thermal treatments
Remediation to protect development from hazardous gases
Treatment configurations
Recovery and reuse
Operating window outlines
6.2
Risk management techniques - key principles and approaches - special circumstances
Remediation of radionuclide contamination
SECTION 7 – RISK MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
7.1
Civil engineering-based methods
Excavation and related materials handling
Off-site disposal and re-use of contaminated materials
Infilling void
Cover systems/surface horizontal barriers
Vertical barriers
7.2
Primarily in situ methods
Soil venting, bioventing and bioslurping
Air sparging and biosparging
Pump and treat
In situ flushing/in situ bioremediation
Permeable reactive barriers
Redox amendments for enhanced bioremediation
In situ oxidation and reduction techniques
Electro-remediation
Phytoremediation
Energy forestry and remediation
Monitored natural attenuation
In situ thermal
Fracturing techniques
7.3
Primarily ex situ methods
Ex situ bioremediation
Soil washing and related ex situ treatments
Solidification/stabilisation processes
Thermal treatments
Vitrification
Ex situ water and gas/vapour treatment
7.4
Remediation to protect development from hazardous gases
Dilution and dispersion of gases in-ground
Gas barriers in-ground
Dilution and dispersion of gases for buildings
Gas barriers for buildings
Long-term post construction monitoring for gases
SECTION 8 – RISK MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES: OPTION APPRAISAL AND IMPLEMENTATION
8.1
Option appraisal and implementation in overview
8.2
Option appraisal
Simplified treatment technologies screening matrix (source and/or pathway management)
Simplified risk management application matrix
Interacting with stakeholders
Cost benefit appraisal
Considering sustainable development
8.3
Implementation
PART C APPENDICES
SECTION 9 – USEFUL INFORMATION
9.1
Useful information
Ordnance Survey abbreviations
Some useful conversions
Example hydrocarbon structures
Geological time scale
9.2
Statistical tables
Percentage points of the normal distribution
Percentage points of the Student t distribution
Values of H for computing 95% UCL on a lognormal mean
9.3
Websites